客居俄羅斯
俄羅斯是一個大國，要想對其深入了解，到大書店走一下，會發現好書俯拾皆是。20多年前我從“蘇聯概況”（李明濱）、“蘇聯概覽”（徐葵）等書開始了對蘇聯的了解。

用英文介紹俄羅斯的國家歷史、文化、風土人情等

Russian history

Russia's modern history is generally considered to be traced back to the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning. But in Russia, from ancient human habitation.
Moscow was built in 1147, Grand Duke Vladimir Yuri Road Carew Ki is its founder. His monument has been erected in the square in front of the Moscow city government. In 1547, Grand Duke of Moscow, said the coronation of Tsar Ivan IV, built the Kremlin, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into Northeast Ross political, economic, cultural and religious center, leading other countries to get rid of the Mongol Tatar public rule making Roth became an independent country. To commemorate the 1552 military victory over the Kazan Tatars, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of Basil's Cathedral.
When Peter the Great 17th century, the rapid development of many European countries, and Russia serfdom still prevailed. To imitate the West, Peter sent missions in 1697 went to study in Western Europe, and he toured a pseudonym, after returning home to implement a series of reforms, known as Peter I reforms in the political, military, economic, scientific and cultural improves Russia's strength. In 1721, Peter declared the Russian Empire. Catherine II period, an unprecedented expansion of the territory, known as the golden age of the empire.
In the meantime, in 1703, Peter the Great built on the Neva estuary check 亞茨 Peter fortress island, after the expansion of the city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, Peter the Great to establish the purpose is to make Russia learn from the West, learning in Europe, learning the advanced capitalism. And the implementation of Europe in St. Petersburg gentleman, holding the ball, the implementation of the French, running schools, known as Russia's most European city. 1712 army, moved here from Moscow the Russian capital, for 200 years. Monuments have to stay during the Winter Palace, Peterhof, Nevsky Prospect.
After the October 1917 revolution, the Soviet Communist Party came to power, the implementation of communist policies, the absorption of other small countries have become member nations, country called the Soviet Union.
Lenin's death in 1924, was buried in what is now the Lenin Mausoleum. After Stalin led the people in socialist construction has made great achievements. Underground palace of art known as the Moscow Metro is then opened. The Soviet Union became the second, the first European socialist industry and agriculture developed powerful socialist country in the world in 1940. Stalin era left a Stalinist architecture style of some of the buildings: Moscow University.
1941-1945 Soviet people defeated the brutal fascist Germany. To commemorate the sacrifice of the unsung heroes of the anti-fascist war, the Soviet Union built the famous Tomb of Unknown Soldier in 1967.
Successive leaders of the Soviet Union as well as Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Cheka in families, Mikhail Gorbachev and the like. Novodevichy cemetery can be seen in their cemeteries and very unique statues. Soviet 50--70 years comprehensive confrontation known as the Cold War with the United States and other Western capitalist countries. 1990s, the republics became independent, the disintegration of the Soviet regime in 1991.
Russian Federation and Russia with the name of the country, capitalist and presidential system, led by President Boris Yeltsin. In 1994, Christ the Savior Cathedral began to rebuild.

Social Customs

Russians are very particular about the call, but if you and they just generally play deal, they do not know all the tricks of the.
In the streets, shops, buses and other common situations, you can call each other you (K), or comrade (Dawalixi).
If further conversation, you can press the other sex and age, are called Sir (Ga Siba Nigeria season), Miss Jiewushiga, Ms. (dum), Friends (available Luke) , young man (Maradona lei).
With the Russians in a more formal occasion awareness and talk to each other, to try to remember the full name of the other party, it is necessary to call his name plus father's surname, to show respect and polite, and remember: You do not say you.
Ritual practices
Russian general's gift is the handshake, but a handshake to take off gloves, long-awaited common friends hugged and kissed the ceremony, men in general kiss lady hand. In the solemn occasion, the Russian people with the bread of salt way to greet guests representing the highest respect and warmest welcome, a guest invited to the Russian people, should strip entered and cap, Xianxiang hostess say hello, again man of the house and others say hello, men smoking, first obtain the consent of the ladies.
Ethnic Clothing
In Russian folk, married women must wear headscarves, and mainly white; unmarried girls not wearing headscarves, but often wear a hat. In the city, the Russian people currently wear a suit or skirt, Russian women often have to wear a dress. Typical Russian national costume are: Xie Jin Men long-sleeved shirt is usually embroidered neckline and hem, tied a belt over a shirt to wear. Shirt is generally used linen cloth, made of white cotton cloth, but also useful colorful fabric made. Pants a little fat, is made with a white cloth or dyed fabric.
Diet Custom
Caviar, borscht, as well as traditional small pancakes, are very ethnic characteristics. Usually in the Russian table of the most common is a wide variety of meat, almost every meal there will be beef, lamb, steak, sausages.
Russians often drink honey drinks, kvass and so on. Russians love to drink is world-famous, the most important wine comes vodka. Russians have a habit of drinking tea, the main drinking tea.
Taboo
1, the Russian people, especially taboo 13 figure, that it is dangerous and a symbol of death. On the contrary, that 7 means happiness and success.
2, the Russian people do not like black, that it will not bring good luck.
3, Russians believe mirrors are sacred items, broken mirror means the destruction of the soul, but if you break the cups, saucers, plates it means wealth and happiness, so wedding dinner, your birthday and other solemn occasions, will Some deliberately broken disk and celebrate.
4, let the smoke, generally handed the cigarette to let self-created, not just to one. Special attention not to a match point three people smoke. When men smoke, ask your mind beside women do not mind. When we go out, the man to help fellow women wear a coat, pull the door.
5, please look at when talking to each other, not a word, to show respect.
6, the toilet-generation language is I'm sorry, wait, or to say I'm sorry, I make a call, please wait.
7, to take off gloves when shaking hands, do not shake each other's hand, general relationship, gently grip; when a good relationship can be hard.
8, for the elderly women do not first hand. First meeting of women can be the first bow.
9, you are a woman, please avoid to dress when fan fan, otherwise unnecessary misunderstanding.
10, can not hand pointing to others, do not yell when talking to the Russian people either do not speak in public, or whispered, very civilized.

俄羅斯的歷史

現代一般認為俄羅斯的歷史應追溯至莫斯科大公國的建立為始。但是在俄羅斯境內，自遠古就有人類居住。
莫斯科建于1147年，弗拉基米爾大公尤里·道卡魯怾是其奠基人。他的紀念像一直矗立在莫斯科市政府前面的廣場上。1547年，莫斯科大公伊凡四世加冕稱沙皇，建造克里姆林宮，莫斯科大公國逐漸發展為東北羅斯的政治、經濟、文化和宗教中心，領導其他公國擺脫了蒙古韃靼的統治，使羅斯成為一個獨立的國家。為了紀念1552年戰勝喀山韃靼軍隊，伊凡大帝下令建造瓦西里大教堂。
彼得大帝17世紀時，歐洲許多國家發展迅速，而俄國農奴制度還在盛行。為了效法西方，彼得一世在1697年派遣使團赴西歐考察，自己也化名隨團出訪，回國后實行了一系列改革，史稱彼得一世改革，在政治、軍事、經濟、科學文化各方面提高了俄羅斯的實力。1721年，彼得一世宣布俄羅斯為帝國。葉卡捷琳娜二世時期，領土空前膨脹，被稱為“帝國的黃金時期”。
在此期間，1703年，彼得大帝在涅瓦河口的查亞茨島上建立彼得要塞，后擴建為城，稱圣彼得堡。彼得大帝建立圣彼得堡市的目的就是使俄羅斯學習西方，學習歐洲，學習資本主義的先進。并在圣彼得堡推行歐洲的紳士風度，舉辦舞會、推行法語、開辦學校，被稱為“俄羅斯最歐洲的城市”。1712軍，俄國首都從莫斯科遷到這里，持續200余年。期間留下來的名勝古跡有冬宮、夏宮、涅瓦大街。
1917年十月革命后，蘇聯共產黨取得了政權，實行共產主義政策，吸收其他小國家成為加盟國，定國名為蘇聯。
1924年列寧逝世，被安葬在現在的列寧墓。之后，斯大林領導人民進行社會主義建設取得了偉大的成就。有地下藝術宮殿之稱的莫斯科地鐵就是那時開通的。蘇聯在1940年成為世界第二，歐洲第一的社會主義強大工農業發達的社會主義國家。斯大林時代留下了斯大林式建筑風格的一些建筑：莫斯科大學等。
1941至1945年蘇聯人民打敗了兇殘的法西斯德國。為了紀念反法西斯戰爭犧牲的無名英雄，蘇聯于1967年建造了著名的無名烈士墓。
蘇聯的歷屆領導人還有赫魯曉夫、勃列日涅夫、安德羅波夫、契卡年科、戈爾巴喬夫等。新圣女墓園中可以看到他們的墓地和很有特色的雕像。蘇聯在50-70年代與美國等西方資本主義國家進行全面的對峙史稱“冷戰”。90年代，加盟共和國紛紛獨立，蘇聯政權于1991年解體。
“俄羅斯聯邦”和“俄羅斯”同為國名，實行資本主義和總統制，葉利欽為首任總統。1994年，基督救世主大教堂開始重建。

社交習俗

俄羅斯人相當講究稱呼，不過如果你和他們只是一般打打交道，就不用清楚所有的章法了。
在大街、商店、公共汽車等平常場合，你可稱對方“您”(威)，或“同志”(達瓦里西)。
如果進一步交談，你可以按對方性別年齡，分別稱“先生”(嘎斯巴季尼)、“小姐”“捷烏什嘎”、“女士”(達姆)、“朋友”(得路克)、“小伙子”(馬拉多依)。
與俄羅斯人在一個較正式的場合互相認識和交談，要努力記住對方的全名，既要稱呼他的名字還要加上父姓，以示尊敬和客氣，而且記?。悍Q“您”不稱“你”。
禮儀習俗
俄羅斯人一般的見面禮是握手，但握手時要脫下手套，久別的親朋好友常用親吻擁抱禮，男士一般吻女士的手背。在隆重的場合，俄羅斯人用“面包加鹽”的方式迎接貴賓表示最高的敬意和最熱烈的歡迎，應邀到俄羅斯人家做客，進屋后應脫衣帽，先向女主人問好，再向男主人和其他人問好，男士吸煙，要先征得女士們的同意。
民族服飾
在俄民間，已婚婦女必須戴頭巾，并以白色的為主；未婚姑娘則不戴頭巾， 但常戴帽子。在城市里，俄羅斯人當前多穿西裝或套裙，俄羅斯婦女往往還要穿一條連衣裙。典型的俄羅斯民族服裝是：男子是斜襟長袖襯衣，通常在領口和下擺有繡花，穿時在襯衣外面系一根腰帶。襯衣一般是用麻紗布、白棉布做成，也有用色彩鮮艷的花布做成。褲子稍肥，是用白布或染色的花布做成。
飲食習俗
魚子醬，羅宋湯，還有傳統小煎餅，都是非常有民族特色的。通常在俄羅斯餐桌上最常見的就是各種各樣的肉類食品，幾乎每餐都會有牛肉、羊肉、牛排、香腸等。
俄羅斯人常飲用的飲料有蜂蜜、格瓦斯等。俄羅斯人愛喝酒是世界聞名的，其中最重要的酒類當屬伏特加。俄羅斯人有喝茶的習慣，主要飲用紅茶。
忌諱
1、俄羅斯人特別忌諱“13”這個數字，認為它是兇險和死亡的象征。相反，認為“7”意味著幸福和成功。
2、俄羅斯人不喜歡黑貓，認為它不會帶來好運氣。
3、俄羅斯人認為鏡子是神圣的物品，打碎鏡子意味著靈魂的毀滅，但是如果打碎杯、碟、盤則意味著富貴和幸福，因此在喜筵、壽筵和其它隆重的場合，會特意打碎一些碟盤表示慶賀。
4、讓煙時，一般要遞上煙盒讓其自取，不能只給一支。特別注意不要一根火柴點三個人的煙。男人吸煙時，先問問你身旁婦女介意不介意。出門時，男子幫助同行婦女穿大衣，拉大門。
5、談話時請看著對方，不插話，以示尊敬。
6、上廁所的代語是“對不起，請等一下”或說“對不起，我去打個電話，請等一等”。
7、握手時要脫手套，不搖對方的手，一般的關系，輕輕地握；關系很好時可用力。
8、對年長者的婦女，別先伸手。對初見面的婦女，可先鞠躬。
9、你是女子，請切忌以裙子當扇子扇風，否則引起不必要的誤會。
10、對他人不得用手指指點點，交談時不要大聲嚷嚷，俄羅斯人在公共場合要么不說話，要么低聲交談，很文明。